Pigweed causing farmers to rethink farming methods. The changing nature of palmer amaranth: A case study. The seeds of Palmer amaranth have been reported to lose viability within 3 years when buried in the soil in Alabama and Georgia (Langcuster, 2008); however seed longevity in soil for the closely related redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus) and waterhemp (A. rudis) has been reported as short as 3–4 years in Mississippi and Illinois (Egley and Williams, 1990; Steckel et al., 2007) and as long as 12 years in Nebraska (Burnside et al., 1996). It is a traditional food of Native Americans … Weed Science, 48, 347–355. DiTomaso, J.M., and E.A. Amaranthus palmeri.
Proceedings of the Southern Weed Science Society 59: 260–277. (1999) reported a 10% decrease in cotton lint yield for every additional Palmer amaranth plant per 32 feet of row. Scott, K.L. Weed Science 49: 202–208. Other characteristics that make Palmer amaranth a competitive weed include C4 photosynthetic mechanism, aggressive growth at higher temperatures, and high water-use efficiency (Guo and Al-Khatib, 2003; Horak and Loughlin, 2000; Keeley et al., 1987). After planting, scout every 2–3 days for weed emergence. (a) A vigorous, much-branched Palmer amaranth has displaced the soybean crop from several feet of row. A passage from Wild Edible Plants of New Mexico: After Amaranth has gone to seed (late summer–fall), strip the dried seed spikes from the top of each plant. Seed longevity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in eastern and western Nebraska.            The epazote’s small flowers grow in clustered spikes of the same light green color. It produces numerous oval seeds that are small and reddish-brown. The greens are rich in iron, calcium, niacin, and vitamins A and C (Hodgson 2001: 78). extensively as a source of food. Seed - cooked.
Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) – complete detail. Species across the genus contain concentric rings of vascular bundles, and fix carbon efficiently with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. Figure 4. These seeds may be eaten raw, cooked as hot cereal or mush, ground into flour, popped like popcorn, or any number of ways (Kindscher 1987: 19).
A passage from Sonoran Desert Food Plants: Amaranth is common throughout the Southwest. A passage from Southern California Food Plants: Most species of Amaranth are equally utilizable. Robertson. Soil: L = light (sandy) M = medium H = heavy (clay). Therefore, mowing must be done in conjunction with other tactics to provide acceptable control of Palmer amaranth plants. The seed can be cooked whole, and becomes very gelatinous like this, but it is rather difficult to crush all of the small seeds in the mouth and thus some of the seed will pass right through the digestive system without being assimilated[K]. Weed Science, 51, 869–875. All plant pages have their own unique code. If practical, adjust planting dates to avoid weed–crop competition during very hot weather. 2 [Publication 3488]. To reduce heavy infestations, rotate to cool season production crops, and focus on weed control through timely tillage and cover cropping during summer months. 6 (pp. * Important announcements and news 4b). Langcuster, J. Webster, T.M. College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Authors: Respectively, graduate student, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; Extension Agricultural Agent, Bernalillo County Extension Office; and
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Incorporating a radish, mustard, or other brassica green manure may help slow emergence and growth of Palmer amaranth; however brassica allelopathy should not be counted on to control the weed. No members of this genus are known to be poisonous, but when grown on nitrogen-rich soils they are known to concentrate nitrates in the leaves. If you would like to support this site, please consider, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Similarly, its drought tolerance is greater than that of most cultivated crops. Oakland: University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Research has shown that its seeds usually degrade after three years in the soil (Langcuster, 2008). In addition, it has been cited as a major troublesome weed in vegetable production in North and South Carolina (Webster, 2006).
Its seeds can germinate under a wide range of temperatures, from as low as 61/50° F (day/night; 16/10° C) with a low germination rate (Keeley et al., 1987) to peak germination at 95/86° F (35/30° C) (Guo and Al-Khatib, 2003).
It was used extensively by the native American population with at least seven tribes preparing it a wide variety of ways. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is an aggressive, invasive weed native to the desert regions of the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The word amaranth comes from the Greek amarantos, which means the one that does not wither or the never-fading flower. Loughlin. 11, no. Seed - cooked[46, 85, 95, 105, 161].
Water use and light interception under Palmer amaranth (, Menges, R. M. 1987. It is native to most of the southern half of North America. It is inadvisable, therefore, to eat this plant if it is grown inorganically. Once established, it can be very hard to control. Amaranthus palmeri is used by indigenous populations in the United States, including the Cocopa, Navajo, Pima, Yuma and Mohave (Steckel, 2007; Ward et al., 2013). Pigweed. Nothing can take the place of reading the label and making applications according to label directions. The lens-shaped amaranth seeds are dark brown or black colored in weedy species and light-colored in domestic species (Kindscher 1987: 19). The most effective management method for Palmer amaranth is a combination of preventive, cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods. The primary requirement for germination seems to be moisture, as might be expected for a desert ephemeral. In germination tests, Palmer amaranth seeds germinated rapidly—ithin 1–2 days—at a wide range of constant or alternating temperatures from 59–105 °F, with highest germination percentages and most rapid germination at 86–95 °F (Steckel et al, 2004; Guo and Al-Khatib, 2003).
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