Geostrategy is most closely related to strategic geography. [30], Beyond being an economic concept, pan-regions were a strategic concept as well. As most developed nations and resources lay above the North–South divide, politics and commerce north of the two canals would be of much greater importance than those occurring south of the canals. [30], Rudolf Kjellén was a Swedish political scientist and student of Friedrich Ratzel.
It also requires a network of alliances with other great powers who share one's aims or with smaller "lynchpin states" that are located in the regions one deems important. Analyzing available data based on time of day and day of week means more informed and less wasteful mobile campaigns. [30] However, his key contribution were the development of the concepts of raum and the organic theory of the state. Beyond the obvious time zone difference that would surely affect ad placement timing, there is no need to promote breakfast sandwiches all day, and promoting lunchtime soup specials during the evening hours would most likely miss the mark as well. [27], South of the 30th parallel lay areas dominated by the sea powers – the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Japan. How to stay focused and coherent throughout all of your keyword research and optimization efforts. [23], Between 1890 and 1919 the world became a geostrategist's paradise, leading to the formulation of the classical geopolitical theories. [33] The rimland possessed all of the key resources and populations—its domination was key to the control of Eurasia. Turkey, a longtime U.S. ally, now pursues its own path. Download Now, Learn how to bring the SEO and engineering teams together to achieve success. [33] Spykman does not see the heartland as a region which will be unified by powerful transport or communication infrastructure in the near future. In his view, the United States and its allies needed to protect the productive industrial areas of the world from Soviet domination. [26] Such mechanisms let countries to have indirect control over space. Four key mobile context elements, when used in combination, can result in increased user engagement and campaign performance. Alfred Thayer Mahan and Halford J. Mackinder outlined the American and British conceptions of geostrategy, respectively, in their works The Problem of Asia and "The Geographical Pivot of History". A southern zone, located below the 30th parallel north, characterized by its hot climate, and dominated by sea power. This article explains two tools that can help you gain strategic perspective. [27] Further, Mahan conceived of a unified, modern state composed of Turkey, Syria, and Mesopotamia, possessing an efficiently organized army and navy to stand as a counterweight to Russian expansion. The rivers also provided the avenues of trade in a period when muscles of man and the winds of the sky were the motive power of ships. The strategic context helps explain, at a high level, the reason for the entity’s existence, what it exists to achieve, and the powers and functions it may exercise to help achieve its goals. A state may project power to a location because of ideological reasons, interest groups, or simply the whim of its leader. [21], As early as Herodotus, observers saw strategy as heavily influenced by the geographic setting of the actors. Many people will tell you that understanding mobile context is key to delivering a relevant mobile ad experience. Haushofer acknowledged the strategic concept of the Heartland put forward by the Halford Mackinder.
Use of military force in order to secure space causes not only great burden on countries, but also severe criticism from the international society as interdependence between countries continuously increases. Here Kennan differed from Paul Nitze, whose seminal Cold War document, NSC 68, called for "undifferentiated or global containment," along with a massive military buildup. The term "geo-strategy" was first used by Frederick L. Schuman in his 1942 article "Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics." The below geostrategists were instrumental in founding and developing the major geostrategic doctrines in the discipline's history. Strategy analysis is usually concerned with understanding the organizations strategic position. [24] Friedrich Ratzel and Rudolf Kjellén developed an organic theory of the state which laid the foundation for Germany's unique school of geostrategy. Russia possessed a central position on the continent, and a wedge-shaped projection into Central Asia, bounded by the Caucasus Mountains and Caspian Sea on one side and the mountains of Afghanistan and Western China on the other side. the United States should rely to a greater extent on a more flexible mix of nuclear and even non-nuclear strategic forces capable of executing more selective military mission.
He coined the term "containment",[34] which would become the guiding idea for U.S. grand strategy over the next forty years, although the term would come to mean something significantly different from Kennan's original formulation.[35]. To Mahan, the possession of India by the United Kingdom was of key strategic importance, as India was best suited for exerting balancing pressure against Russia in Central Asia. He points out that: Few modern ideologies are as whimsically all-encompassing, as romantically obscure, as intellectually sloppy, and as likely to start a third world war as the theory of "geopolitics. When SEOs and developers don’t communicate, businesses… This is an element that is concerned with the changes that are going on in the environment and how the changes are going to affect the activities of the organization. For the United States, Eurasian geostrategy involves the purposeful management of geostrategically dynamic states and the careful handling of geopolitically catalytic states, in keeping with the twin interests of America in the short-term preservation of its unique global power and in the long-run transformation of it into increasingly institutionalized global cooperation. [T]he words geopolitical, strategic, and geostrategic are used to convey the following meanings: geopolitical reflects the combination of geographic and political factors determining the condition of a state or region, and emphasizing the impact of geography on politics; strategic refers to the comprehensive and planned application of measures to achieve a central goal or to vital assets of military significance; and geostrategic merges strategic consideration with geopolitical ones. Among the regional stabilizers designated by Kissinger were Zaire, Iran, and Indonesia.[38]. : Conflict Resolution and the Oslo Accords, Maritime Geostrategy and the Development of the Chinese Navy in the Early 21st Century, Asean-China Relations: Realities and Prospects, The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th Century Geopolitical Culture.
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, for most NATO or former Warsaw Pact countries, Geopolitical strategies have generally followed the course of either solidifying security obligations or accesses to global resources; however, the strategies of other countries have not been as palpable. Alfred Thayer Mahan was an American Navy officer and president of the U.S. Even if strategic initiative leader is not involved in strategy formulation, he/she needs to understand the strategic context. In 1900, Mahan's book The Problem of Asia was published.
Influenced by the works of Alfred Thayer Mahan, as well as the German geographers Carl Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt, Friedrich Ratzel would lay the foundations for geopolitik, Germany's unique strain of geopolitics. So whereas the political situations to the north and south were relatively stable and determined, the middle remained "debatable and debated ground. Instead they must focus politically and militarily on specific areas of the world. [citation needed] Strategy is as intertwined with geography as geography is with nationhood, or as Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan state it, "[geography is] the mother of strategy."[7]. While the latter two conceived of geopolitik as the state-as-an-organism-in-space put to the service of a leader, Haushofer's Munich school specifically studied geography as it related to war and designs for empire. Further, this disadvantageous position would reinforce Russia's proclivity toward expansionism in order to obtain wealth or warm water ports.
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