Not only do the people live in a large number of independent units, but the geography and climate of their countries vary immensely. The United States backed Panamanian independence and the new nation granted the concession. Author of. The wars of independence in Spanish America were triggered by another failed British attempt to seize Spanish American territory, this time in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1806. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. (eds.). Spain made several attempts to reconquer Mexico (1821–29), and, while they failed, they succeeded in destabilizing the Mexican government and economy. Trigger, Bruce, and Wilcomb E. Washburn, eds. The political landscape was occupied by conservatives, who believed that the preservation of the old social hierarchies served as the best guarantee of national stability and prosperity, and liberals, who sought to bring about progress by freeing up the economy and individual initiative. All of these regimes sought to maintain Latin America's lucrative position in the world economy as a provider of raw materials. The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, has had plenty of warning of the arrival of the fair-skinned bearded strangers. In the 1880s, the United States implemented an aggressive policy to defend and expand its political and economic interests in all of Latin America, which culminated in the creation of the Pan-American Conference, the successful completion of the Panama Canal and the United States intervention in the final Cuban War of Independence. Here were the ranchos, impermanent structures inhabited mainly by Indians temporarily in town for work purposes. In February 1978, 7,000 Cuban troops, supported and led by Soviet and East German officers, helped Ethiopians repel a Somali invasion. By the 1940s, Mexican and Argentinean films were being distributed throughout Spanish America, with the ones from Mexico in particular developing an enthusiastic following. A revolution of impoverished peasants against an entrenched wealthy class, the Mexican Revolution shook the world and forever altered the trajectory of Mexican politics. Part I consists of four chapters on politics in Brazil: 1930–45, 1945–64, 1964–85, and 1985–2002. [7] On her behalf she had a witness attest to her religious purity, Elvira de Medina wrote, "this witness knows that she and parents and her grandparents have been and are Old Christians and of unsullied cast and lineage. From the eastern Mediterranean they carried the sugar industry, the use of foreign slaves in it, and the trinket trade with distant peoples first to Spain and Portugal and then on out into the Atlantic, where they were involved together with the Portuguese on the West African coast and the islands lying off it. Cuba officially proclaimed itself socialist and openly became an ally of the Soviet Union. Because the Spanish were now in power, native culture and religion were forbidden. [4] Concurrently, there has been a move to avoid this oversimplification by talking about "Latin America and the Caribbean," as in the United Nations geoscheme. Revolutionary movements were organized and some key leaders appeared: Pancho Villa in the north, Emiliano Zapata in the south, and Madero in Mexico City. Domestic wars were often fights between federalists and centrists who ended up asserted themselves through the military repression of their opponents at the expense of civilian political life. Castro, who initially declared himself as a non-socialist, initiated a program of agrarian reforms and nationalizations in May 1959, which alienated the Eisenhower administration (1953–61) and resulted in the United States breaking of diplomatic relations, freezing Cuban assets in the United States and placing an embargo on the nation in 1960. Subsequently, the major sea powers in Europe sent expeditions to the New World to build trade networks and colonies and to convert the native peoples to Christianity. Leftist governments rose to power across the region (both in Central America and South America), so the United States resorted to backing coups, such as the 1954 overthrow of the popular Jacobo Árbenz in Guatemala and the ouster of Juan Bosch in 1965 in the Dominican Republic, the latter of which led to the Dominican Civil War and the US occupation of the republic that year. ), The prestige of Germany and German culture in Latin America remained high after the war but did not recover to its pre-war levels. Paula de Eguiluz was a woman of African descent who was born in Santo Domingo and grew up as a slave, sometime in her youth she learned the trade of witches and was publicly known to be a sorceress. A substantial number of Jews had also long made Iberia their home. A lively and informative new podcast for kids that the whole family will enjoy! Spanish ways soon gained the upper hand. [16] Spain annulled the annexation in 1865 and withdrew from Santo Domingo. "In 1623, Paula was accused of witchcraft (brujeria), divination and apostasy (declarations contrary to Church doctrine). A new face of Soviet-Cuban military co-operation opened with Castro's decision to send thousands of troops to Angola in 1975–76 to support the pro-Soviet MPLA. I order you to allow passage to the Province of Cartagena for Francisca de Figueroa ..."[9] This example points to the importance of religion when attempting to travel to the Americas during colonial times. You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches". Despite having the socially advanced constitution of 1940, Cuba was plagued with corruption and the interruption of constitutional rule by autocrats like Batista. A major work of collaborative international scholarship, The Cambridge History of Latin America has been planned, co-ordinated and edited by a single editor, Dr Leslie Bethell, Reader in Hispanic American and Brazilian History at University College London. These dances were heavily influenced by European colonists and African slaves during and after European colonization of Latin America. The Iberian Christians’ relations with the other peoples, above all the Moors, were to be the precedent for their treatment of the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere. The indigenous peoples were greatly varied, far more so than the Europeans; they were spread over a vast area and only faintly aware of each other from one major region to the next. This treaty essentially ceded Brazil to the Portuguese while keeping the rest of the New World for Spain, therefore laying the framework for the modern demographics of Latin America. During the European colonization of the western hemisphere, most of the native population died, mainly by disease. With the removal of the main rivals Obregón is able to consolidate power and relative peace returned to Mexico. So much diversity represented a formidable challenge to the movement toward the creation of unified Christian nation-states that was coming to a head in the late 15th century. According to European tradition "[a] witch – a bruja – was thought to reject God and the sacraments and instead worship the devil and observe the witches' Sabbath. Carranza himself was assassinated on May 15, 1920, leaving Obregón in power, who was officially elected president later that year. After the Mexican–American War (1846–48), Mexico ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and southern Texas to the United States in the "Mexican Cession", a successful conclusion to the American policy of "Manifest destiny". For the next few decades there was a long process to create a sense of national pride. Several socialist and communist insurgencies broke out in Latin America throughout the entire twentieth century, but the most successful one was in Cuba. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. However, based on proximity, these islands are sometimes grouped with the Windward Islands culturally and politically. Once in the New World, religion was still a prevalent issue which had to be considered in everyday life. The golden objects are dutifully sent back by the Spanish commander to his superiors in Cuba. The most devastating war ever fought in South America, the War of the Triple Alliance, pitted Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil against Paraguay. The eighth volume of The Cambridge History of Latin America consists of the separate histories of the countries of Spanish South America. Less known are the political consequences of the canal, including the secession of Panama from Colombia (with the encouragement of the United States) and the profound effect the canal has had on the internal reality of Panama ever since. The 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris and the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam saw greatly increased participation from Latin American athletes. The fourth and final section is devoted to Panama, with a separate chapter discussing the history of the Canal Zone up to 1979. "History of technology in nineteenth and twentieth century Latin America,", Conniff, Michael L. "A historiography of populism and neopopulism in Latin America", Kirkendall, Andrew J. The 10 Most Important Events in the History of Latin America.
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