Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. It does not have a separate saddle but has holes bored into it to which the strings attach directly. The tuning of a lute is a complicated issue, described in a section of its own below. The bigger part of his output consists of pieces called fantasias or ricercares, in which he makes extensive use of imitation and sequence, expanding the scope of lute polyphony. Intabulations of vocal works were very common, as well as various dances, some of which disappeared during the 17th century, such as the piva and the saltarello. He focuses on the longer lutes of Mesopotamia, various types of necked chordophones that developed throughout the ancient world: Greek, Egyptian (in the Middle Kingdom), Iranian (Elamite and others), Hittite, Roman, Bulgar, Turkic, Indian, Chinese, Armenian/Cilician cultures. As a small instrument, the lute produces a relatively quiet sound. They produce a bass that differs somewhat in timbre from nylon basses. Four Elizabethan Ballad Tune Settings, Music for Two Vihuelas (or lutes) Unlike in the past there are many types of lutes encountered today: 5-course medieval lutes, renaissance lutes of 6 to 10 courses in many pitches for solo and ensemble performance of Renaissance works, the archlute of Baroque works, 11-course lutes in d-minor tuning for 17th-century French, German and Czech music, 13/14-course d-minor tuned German Baroque Lutes for later High Baroque and Classical music, theorbo for basso continuo parts in Baroque ensembles, gallichons/mandoras, bandoras, orpharions and others. Mouton, Charles PIECES DE LUTH, Six Harpsichord Sonatas paraphrased for 6-course guitar The interest in lute music was revived only in the second half of the 20th century. ), Naisroolien alttoaarioita Händelin oopperoissa, Pieces in "Accords Nouveaux" in 10-course page, Song Intabulations for Solo (soprano) Lute. The bridge, sometimes made of a fruitwood, is attached to the soundboard typically between a fifth and a seventh of the belly length. Tuning d minor lute 1670), however, a distinctly German style came only after 1700 in the works of Silvius Leopold Weiss (1686–1750), one of the greatest lute composers, some of whose works were transcribed for keyboard by none other than Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), who composed a few pieces for the lute himself (though it is unclear whether they were really intended for the lute, rather than another plucked string instrument or the lautenwerk). Lutenist/Composer Jozef van Wissem composed the soundtrack to the Jim Jarmusch film Only Lovers Left Alive. The soundboard is a teardrop-shaped thin flat plate of resonant wood (typically spruce). Robert Lundberg, in his book Historical Lute Construction, suggests ancient builders placed bars according to whole-number ratios of the scale length and belly length. As lutherie scholarship increased, makers began constructing instruments based on historical models, which have proven lighter and more responsive instruments. He further suggests the inward bend of the soundboard (the "belly scoop") is a deliberate adaptation by ancient builders to afford the lutenist's right hand more space between the strings and soundboard.
The term also refers generally to any string instrument having the strings running in a plane parallel to the sound table (in the Hornbostel–Sachs system). YouTube. For lutes with more than six courses the extra courses would be added on the low end. No attempt at a universal pitch standard existed during the period of the lute's historical popularity. Medieval lutes were 4- or 5-course instruments, plucked using a quill as a plectrum. [3][4], Sachs' book dates from 1941, and the archaeological evidence available to him placed the early lutes at about 2000 BC. Particularly important was the Italian composer Albert de Rippe (1500–1551), who worked in France and composed polyphonic fantasias of considerable complexity. Basics on the Baroque Lute
As with other instruments that use friction pegs, the wood for the pegs is crucial. While Europe developed the lute, the oud remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music as well, undergoing a range of transformations. Such concerns are moot when more recent compositions for the lute are performed. Please write to me in the contact window if you have any questions or comments. The standards varied over time and from place to place. [21] Frederick II made visits to the Lech valley and Bavaria between 1218 and 1237 with a "Moorish Sicilian retinue". The words lute and oud possibly derive from Arabic al-ʿoud (العود - literally means "the wood"). [4] He further categorized long lutes with a "pierced lute" and "long neck lute". • The Vihuela: History and Style – Part One Often pegs were made from suitable fruitwoods such as European pearwood, or equally dimensionally stable analogues. Catlines can be quite large in diameter compared to wound nylon strings of the same pitch. The Big Bach Lutebook, BWV 995-1012, contains all of the three volumes of the individual Bach Lutebooks. 1526–1549) were particularly important for their contributions to the development of lute polyphony in Spain. Because of the large number of strings, lutes have very wide necks, and it is difficult to stop strings beyond the sixth course, so additional courses were usually tuned to pitches useful as bass notes rather than continuing the regular pattern of fourths, and these lower courses are most often played without stopping. After joining the top to the sides, a half-binding is usually installed around the edge of the soundboard. He names among the long lutes, the pandura and the tanbur[11], The line of short-necked lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in Bactria and Gandhara, into a short, almond-shaped lute. However, the earliest surviving lute music dates from the late 15th century. The bridge is made so that it tapers in height and length, with the small end holding the trebles and the higher and wider end carrying the basses. Prelude pour la Luth ò Cembal, [Fuga, Allegro] BWV: 998
It is also an accompanying instrument in vocal works. [citation needed]. [27][28] Henry George Farmer notes the similarity between al-ʿūd and al-ʿawda ("the return" – of bliss).[29]. It is my intention to make the music as idiomatic as possible. Gut is more authentic for playing period pieces, though unfortunately it is also more susceptible to irregularity and pitch instability due to changes in humidity. After Schlick, a string of composers developed German lute music: Hans Judenkünig (c. 1445/50 – 1526), the Neusidler family (particularly Hans Neusidler (c. 1508/09 – 1563)) and others. I change things to make them clearer in performance, including such things as note placement, transposition of bass lines, doubling, fingering and leaving out reiterated notes and other things. The lute was the premier solo instrument of the sixteenth century, but continued to accompany singers as well. Note that I have added a transcription for the lute of a transcription by Bach of an oboe concerto by Alesandro Marcello, made as a gift to a friend. The belly joins directly to the rib, without a lining glued to the sides, and a cap and counter cap are glued to the inside and outside of the bottom end of the bowl to provide rigidity and increased gluing surface. [Partita] (no instrument designated) BWV: 1006a It is either computer typeset using Fronimo, or hand-copied in a tablature form which is diplomatic to the period. [2] During the Baroque music era, the lute was used as one of the instruments which played the basso continuo accompaniment parts. It is my aim to make this situation better, and to encourage others to do so. The lute is plucked or strummed with one hand while the other hand "frets" (presses down) the strings on the neck's fingerboard. The improvisatory element, present to some degree in most lute pieces, is particularly evident in the early ricercares (not imitative as their later namesakes, but completely free), as well as in numerous preludial forms: preludes, tastar de corde ("testing the strings"), etc. The first part of the seventeenth century was a period of considerable diversity in the tuning of the lute, particularly in France. Curt Sachs defined the word lute in the terminology section of The History of Musical Instruments as "composed of a body, and of a neck which serves both as a handle and as a means of stretching the strings beyond the body". Click here to view our albums. Lutes are made almost entirely of wood. Praeludio con la Suite da Gio. [3] Sachs also distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety. [12], Many theories have been proposed for the origin of the Arabic name. [26] However, another theory according to Semitic language scholars, is that the Arabic ʿoud is derived from Syriac ʿoud-a, meaning "wooden stick" and "burning wood"—cognate to Biblical Hebrew 'ūḏ, referring to a stick used to stir logs in a fire. • An overview of the six-course guitar
Cello Suite III BWV: 1009 The lute player either improvises ("realizes") a chordal accompaniment based on the figured bass part, or plays a written-out accompaniment (both music notation and tablature ("tab") are used for lute). Five Pieces from Libro de Cifra Nueva (1557), The Weiss Lutebook Due to this fairly limited market, lutes are generally more expensive than mass-produced modern instruments: factory-made guitars and violins, for example, can be purchased more cheaply than low-end lutes, but at the highest level of modern instruments, guitars and violins tend to command higher prices than lutes. Violin Partita II arranged for 13-course lute BWV: 1004 Given the choice between nylon and gut, many luthiers prefer to use gut, as it conforms more readily to the sharp angle at the edge of the fingerboard. The earliest surviving lute music is Italian, from a late 15th-century manuscript. [15] Among them was Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi' (789–857),[16][17] a prominent musician who had trained under Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850) in Baghdad and was exiled to Andalusia before 833 AD. [32] Tablature notation depends on the actual instrument the music is written for. The pegbox for lutes before the Baroque era was angled back from the neck at almost 90° (see image), presumably to help hold the low-tension strings firmly against the nut which, traditionally, is not glued in place but is held in place by string pressure only. Cello Suite I BWV: 1007 Thus an 8-course tenor Renaissance lute would be tuned to (D'D) (F'F) (G'G) (Cc) (FF) (AA) (dd) (g), and a 10-course to (C'C) (D'D) (E♭'E♭) (F'F) (G'G) (Cc) (FF) (AA) (dd) (g). The neck is made of light wood, with a veneer of hardwood (usually ebony) to provide durability for the fretboard beneath the strings. German lute music was revived much later by composers such as Esaias Reusner (fl. Pieces in B minor from the Prague MS KK80 They fray with use, and must be replaced from time to time. That revival was further boosted by the early music movement in the twentieth century. [7], Musicologist Richard Dumbrill today uses the word lute more categorically to discuss instruments that existed millennia before the term "lute" was coined. Suite, Parthia, Parthia, Sonata, Sonata à Liuto Solo del Sigre. Music for Two Vihuelas (or lutes). Lute music flourished during the 16th and 17th centuries: numerous composers published collections of their music, and modern scholars have uncovered a vast number of manuscripts from the era—however, much of the music is still lost. Dowland's predecessors and colleagues, such as Anthony Holborne (c. 1545–1602) and Daniel Bacheler (1572–1619), were less known. The number of courses grew to six and beyond. Thus an 8-course Renaissance lute usually has 15 strings, and a 13-course Baroque lute has 24.
Bast. Early music pages: music examples Lutes were made in a large variety of sizes, with varying numbers of strings/courses, and with no permanent standard for tuning. The Big Bach Lutebook BWV: 995-1012, Czech Lute Music: Manuscript Music from 18th Prague and Vienna French written lute music began, as far as we know, with Pierre Attaingnant's (c. 1494 – c. 1551) prints, which comprised preludes, dances and intabulations. During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. Cello Suite V – Suite pour la Luth par J. S. Bach BWV: 1011
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