He wondered if Adolf Eichmann and his million accomplices were following orders of executing the Jews, simply because the orders had come from someone of high authority, and they weren’t driven by personal motive. Lorsque l'apprenant ne répond plus, l'expérimentateur indique qu'une absence de réponse est considérée comme une erreur. En psychologie sociale particulièrement, l'expérience de Milgram est souvent utilisée pour discuter ou présenter certains concepts dégagés par ce domaine, tels que le conformisme, l'influence normative et bien sûr la soumission à l’autorité et l'état agentique, deux notions au cœur du travail de Milgram dans cette expérience. En effet, ils suivaient selon lui les ordres d'une autorité qu'ils respectaient et étaient un des multiples « maillons » de la chaîne de l'extermination des Juifs.
Ainsi, Mel Slater a reproduit l'expérience pour s'intéresser au statut de la réalité virtuelle[24]. This notorious experiment was designed as a response to the notorious trials of Nazi war criminals, who claimed that they were 'just following orders'.
De ce fait, l'expérience a été adaptée pour être reproduite. The test subjects were men between the ages of 20 and 50 with a variety of educational backgrounds. The agentic state – people allow others to direct their actions and then pass off the responsibility for the consequences to the person giving the orders. Milgram found that 65% of participants were willing to deliver the maximum level of shocks despite the fact that the learner seemed to be in serious distress or even unconscious. The experiment is represented on IMARC’s History of Clinical Research Timeline as a reminder for why we need such rigor in human subject research. The remaining candidates then completed measures of depression and anxiety before being screened by a licensed clinical psychologist. The participants were not provided with a clear explanation of any possible risks prior to volunteering for the study, rather they were lead to believe they were causing physical harm to another individual, exposing them to potential psychological harm.
L'effet Pygmalion est également à prendre en considération dans la mesure où il est très proche des conditions décrites par Milgram. In fact, 65% administered the maximum shock, and no one stopped before the 300-volt mark, though participants were told that they would receive payment whether or not the experiment was completed. The electric shock generator has 30 switches starting at 15 volts, labeled ‘slight shock’ all the way up to 450 volts, labeled ‘danger severe shock.’. Chief among these is one that inevitably surfaces when I present Milgram’s findings to students: Would people still act that way today?”. Both the person conducting the experiment and one of the two participants in each test were actors. Ces variantes modifient des paramètres comme la distance séparant le sujet de l'élève, celle entre le sujet et l'expérimentateur, la cohérence de la hiérarchie ou la présence de deux expérimentateurs donnant des ordres contradictoires ou encore l'intégration du sujet au sein d'un groupe qui refuse d'obéir à l'expérimentateur. Many participants were visibly distressed and demonstrated signs of stress; trembling, sweating, nervous laugher, biting lips and digging fingernails into palms. Il fait donc tout pour faire baisser cette tension, sans désobéir. More than fifty years ago, then Yale psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted the famous—or infamous—experiments on destructive obedience that have come to be known as “Milgram’s shocking experiments” (pun usually intended).
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