[180], Stone representations of human heads from the Olmec civilization, San Lorenzo Colossal Head 6 in the Museo Nacional de Antropología, San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 in the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa, San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 in the Museo de Antropología in Xalapa, San Lorenzo Colossal Head 10 in the Museo Comunitario de San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán, Taube summarizes recent contributions to the debate at pp. [122] The head has been moved to the Museo del Estado de Tabasco in Villahermosa. [19] Such speculation is not taken seriously by Mesoamerican scholars such as Richard Diehl and Ann Cyphers. Norman Hammond argues that the apparent stylistic differences of the monument stem from its unfinished state rather than its late production. The head is also depicted wearing a nose-ring. They all display distinctive headgear and one theory is that these were worn as protective helmets, maybe worn for war or to take part in a ceremonial Mesoamerican ballgame. Someone in the party, probably the same person who loots the Head, needs this Pike.
La Crónica de Hoy, 13 January 2009. ", "Big 'Olmec' show coming to de Young Museum", "The Olmec Legacy: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexico's Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands", "Una estadunidense, entre detenidos por vandalismo contra piezas olmecas", "Vándalos de piezas olmecas, libres tras pagar $390 mil", "Dañan cabeza olmeca en el Museo La Venta", "Colección Museo de Antropología de Xalapa", "Colossal Olmec Head Offered by Mexico as Gift to Belizean People", "México fortalece sus vínculos con áfrica", "Outdoor Sculptures, including Sculptures from Nature", "The Olmec tradition; [exhibition] June 18 to August 25, 1963", "Melgar, Fuzier y la cabeza olmeca de Hueyapan, Veracruz", Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, "Beauty and ugliness in Olmec monumental sculpture", "Mexico's "Olmec Colossal Heads" are a mystery as to their age and their method of construction", "Olmec colossal heads: Massive boulder heads in Central America remain a mystery …", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olmec_colossal_heads&oldid=979920417, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 23 September 2020, at 14:55. [116] The face has a broadly smiling expression that reveals four of the upper teeth. A strap descends in front of the ear on each side of the head, descending as far as the earlobe. Alternatively, the backs of many of these massive monuments may have been flattened to ease their transport,[34] providing a stable form for hauling the monuments with ropes. [25] This massive sculpture is estimated to weigh 40 tons. [101] Most of the head is carved in a realistic manner, the exception being the ears.
The cheeks are given prominence by the action of smiling; the brow that is normally visible in other heads is covered by the rim of the headdress. The headdress is in the form of a plain horizontal band. [179], In November 2017, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto donated a full-size replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 to the people of Belize. The face is that of an ageing man with wrinkles under the eyes and across the bridge of the nose, and a forehead that is creased in a frown. [107] All four heads from La Venta are now in Villahermosa, the state capital of Tabasco.
Each ear has a prominent ear ornament that descends from the earlobe to the base of the monument.
CUNY Mexican Studies Institute 5 June 2013. In 1962 the monument was removed from the San Lorenzo plateau in order to put it on display as part of "The Olmec tradition" exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston in 1963.
Omokk's Head is a quest item. The face is smiling and has wrinkles under the eyes and at the edge of the mouth. [34], Seventeen confirmed examples are known. These evocative stone face masks present both similarities and differences to the colossal heads. [121], La Venta Monument 3 stands 1.98 metres (6.5 ft) high and measures 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) wide by 1 metre (3.3 ft) deep; it weighs 12.8 tons. 4, 154–157. The Olmec colossal heads are stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders. [87] San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 was reworked from a monumental throne;[34] it was discovered by a joint archaeological project by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and Yale University, as a result of a magnetometer survey. The nature and degree of the control exercised by the centres over a widespread rural population remains unclear. [68] The head was discovered by Matthew Stirling in 1946, 550 metres (600 yd) northwest of the principal mound, at the edge of a gully. [155] Two heads are on display in the plaza of Santiago Tuxtla; one from Tres Zapotes and the La Cobata Head.
[5] The evidence of complex society developing in the Olmec heartland has led to the Olmecs being regarded as the "Mother Culture" of Mesoamerica,[3] although this concept remains controversial. [25] The La Cobata colossal head was discovered in 1970 and was the fifteenth to be recorded. [107] It stands 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) tall and measures 1.43 metres (4.7 ft) wide by 0.92 metres (3.0 ft) deep; it weighs 8 tons. Monument 3 was located a few metres to the east of Monument 2, but was moved to the Parque-Museo La Venta in Villahermosa. [52] This element descends across the front of the headdress, terminating on the forehead. Two short straps descend from the headdress in front of the ears. Given that the extremely large slabs of stone used in their production were transported over large distances (over 150 kilometres (93 mi)), requiring a great deal of human effort and resources, it is thought that the monuments represent portraits of powerful individual Olmec rulers. [178], In February 2010, the Mexican Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (Secretariat of Foreign Affairs) announced that the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia would be donating a replica Olmec colossal head to Ethiopia, to be placed in Plaza Mexico in Addis Ababa.
[129] The head displays prominent teeth. Rock was not removed from around the earspools as on other heads, and does not narrow towards the base.
The upper portion of the headdress is decorated with a U-shaped motif. [46] The monument stands 1.86 metres (6.1 ft) high and measures 1.47 metres (4.8 ft) wide by 1.15 metres (3.8 ft) deep. Two thirds of Olmec monumental sculpture represents the human form, and the colossal heads fall within this major theme of Olmec art. The ears are wearing large flattened rings that overlap the straps; they probably represent jade ornaments of a type that have been recovered in the Olmec region. [131] Monument Q was the eleventh colossal head to be discovered. [24], All seventeen of the confirmed heads in the Olmec heartland were sculpted from basalt mined in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas mountains of Veracruz. [37] This is the only known example outside of the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast of Mexico.
The eyes of the monument are closed, the nose is flattened and lacks nostrils and the mouth was not sculpted in a realistic manner. The seasonal and agricultural cycles and river levels needed to have been taken into account to plan the production of the monument and the whole project may well have taken years from beginning to end. The La Cobata head was almost certainly carved from a raw boulder rather than being sculpted from a throne. In 1970 it was transported to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for the museum's centenary exhibition.
They range in height from 1.17 to 3.4 metres (3.8 to 11.2 ft). It weighs 19.8 tons.
[21], The production of each colossal head must have been carefully planned, given the effort required to ensure the necessary resources were available; it seems likely that only the more powerful Olmec rulers were able to mobilise such resources. [65] Head 3 has been moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa. [89] The head is poorly preserved and has suffered both from erosion and deliberate damage. The cheeks are pronounced and the ears are particularly well executed. Together with these, of particular relevance to the colossal heads are the "Olmec-style masks" in stone,[9] so called because none have yet been excavated in circumstances that allow the proper archaeological identification of an Olmec context.
Two heads from San Lorenzo are on permanent display at the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City. Straps descend in front of each ear and continue to the base of the monument. [17] Some surviving examples of wooden sculpture recovered from El Manatí demonstrate that the Olmecs are likely to have created many more perishable sculptures than works sculpted from stone.
[25] Most were formed from coarse grained dark grey basalt known as Cerro Cintepec basalt after a volcano in the range. It weighs 11.6 tons.
[128] The surviving features display a frown and creasing around the nose and cheeks. Casellas Cañellas 2004, p. 156. Casellas Cañellas 2004, p. 180. [138], Several colossal heads have been loaned to temporary exhibitions abroad; San Lorenzo Colossal Head 6 was loaned to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1970. [13] They were once thought to represent ballplayers although this theory is no longer widely held; it is possible, however, that they represent rulers equipped for the Mesoamerican ballgame. [80] It is sculpted with a net-like head covering joined together with sculpted beads. The face is that of an ageing man with a creased forehead, low cheekbones and a prominent chin. These heads, together with a number of monumental stone thrones, probably formed a processional route across the site, powerfully displaying its dynastic history. Simply type the URL of the video in the form below. [59] Colossal Head 2 wears a complex headdress that sports a horizontal band tied at the back of the head; this is decorated with three bird's heads that are located above the forehead and temples. The smallest weigh 6 tons, while the largest is variously estimated to weigh 40 to 50 tons, although it was abandoned and left uncompleted close to the source of its stone. [92], San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 (also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61) stands 2.2 metres (7.2 ft) high;[93] it measures 1.65 metres (5.4 ft) wide by 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) deep and weighs 13 tons. [3], The Olmecs were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture and to settle in towns and cities. The mouth is sensitively carved and the head possesses a pronounced chin. Always up to date. A small skullcap tops the headdress. Pool 2007, p. 7. [13] All of the stone heads have been assigned to the Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology, generally to the Early Preclassic (1500–1000 BC), although the two Tres Zapotes heads and the La Cobata Head are attributed to the Middle Preclassic (1000–400 BC).
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